Philosophy – study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.[1][2] It is distinguished from other ways of addressing fundamental questions (such as mysticism, myth, or the arts) by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument.[3] The word "Philosophy" comes from the Greek philosophia (φιλοσοφία), which literally means "love of wisdom".[4][5][6]
Core areas of philosophy[edit]
The core areas of philosophy are:
- Aesthetics – The study of the nature of beauty, art, and taste, and the creation of personal kinds of truth.
- Epistemology – The study of the nature and scope of knowledge and belief.
- Ethics – The study of the right, the good, and the valuable. Includes study of applied ethics.
- Logic – The study of good reasoning, by examining the validity of arguments and documenting their fallacies.
- Metaphysics – The study of the state of being and the nature of reality.
- Social philosophy – The study of questions about social behavior.
- Political philosophy – The study of the ideas that become political values.
Major fields of philosophy[edit]
Other than the core areas, there are several fields of study formally within philosophy. They are:
- Philosophy of Government
- Philosophy of language
- Philosophy of law
- Philosophy of mind
- Philosophy of religion
- Philosophy of science
- Applied Ethics
- Bioethics
- Environmental ethics
- Mathematical logic
- Philosophical logic
- Meta-ethics
- Applied philosophy
- Meta-philosophy
- Philosophy of artificial intelligence
- Philosophy of biology
- Philosophy of chemistry
- Philosophy of education
- Philosophy of engineering
- Philosophy of history
- Philosophy of mathematics
- Philosophy of music
- Philosophy of perception
- Philosophy of physics
- Philosophy of psychology
- Philosophy of social science
- Philosophy of space and time
- Teleology
History of philosophy[edit]
Main article: History
of philosophy
Ancient philosophy[edit]
Main article: Ancient
philosophy
Western philosophy[edit]
Main article: Western
philosophy
Eastern philosophy[edit]
Main article: Eastern
philosophy
Contemporary philosophy[edit]
Main article: Contemporary philosophy
Philosophical theories[edit]
Main article: List of philosophical theories
Major traditions in philosophy[edit]
Anarchism[edit]
Main articles: Anarchism and Outline
of anarchism
Analytic philosophy[edit]
Main article: Analytic
philosophy
Continental philosophy[edit]
Main article: Continental philosophy
Eastern philosophy[edit]
Main article: Eastern
philosophy
Marxist thought[edit]
Main article: Marxism
Philosophical movements[edit]
Main article: Philosophical movement
Ancient[edit]
- Confucianism
- Platonic realism
- Aristotelianism
- Pythagoreanism
- Pyrrhonian skepticism
- Epicureanism (hedonism)
- Stoicism
- Cynicism
Medieval[edit]
Modern[edit]
- Empiricism
- Existentialism
- German idealism
- Logicism
- Logical Positivism
- Modernism
- Phenomenology
- Pragmatism
- Rationalism
- Utilitarianism
Contemporary[edit]
- Deconstructionism (See also deconstructivism).
- Emotivism
- Postmodernism
- Poststructuralism
- Structuralism
- Objectivism
Philosophies by branch[edit]
Aesthetics[edit]
Further information: List of art
movements
Epistemology[edit]
- Coherentism
- Constructivist epistemology
- Contextualism
- Determinism
- Embodied cognition
- Empiricism
- Fallibilism
- Foundationalism
- Holism
- Infinitism
- Innatism
- Internalism and externalism
- Naïve realism
- Naturalized epistemology
- Objectivist epistemology
- Phenomenalism
- Positivism
- Reductionism
- Reliabilism
- Representative realism
- Rationalism
- Situated cognition
- Skepticism
- Theory of Forms
- Transcendental idealism
- Uniformitarianism
Ethics[edit]
Logic[edit]
Metaphysics[edit]
- Anti-realism
- Cartesian dualism
- Free will
- Liberty
- Materialism
- Meaning of life
- Idealism
- Existentialism
- Essentialism
- Libertarianism
- Determinism
- Naturalism
- Monism
- Platonic idealism
- Hindu idealism
- Phenomenalism
- Nihilism
- Realism
- Physicalism
- MOQ
- Relativism
- Scientific realism
- Solipsism
- Subjectivism
- Substance theory
- Type theory
Social and political philosophy[edit]
- Anarchism
- Authoritarianism
- Conservatism
- Liberalism
- Libertarianism
- National liberalism
- Socialism
- Utilitarianism
- Conflict theory
- Consensus theory
Philosophy of language[edit]
- Causal theory of reference
- Contrast theory of meaning
- Contrastivism
- Conventionalism
- Cratylism
- Deconstruction
- Descriptivist theory of names
- Direct reference theory
- Dramatism
- Expressivism
- Linguistic determinism
- Logical atomism
- Logical positivism
- Mediated reference theory
- Nominalism
- Non-cognitivism
- Phallogocentrism
- Quietism
- Relevance theory
- Semantic externalism
- Semantic holism
- Structuralism
- Supposition theory
- Symbiosism
- Theological noncognitivism
- Theory of descriptions
- Verification theory
Philosophy of law[edit]
- Analytical jurisprudence
- Deontological ethics
- Legal moralism
- Legal positivism
- Legal realism
- Libertarian theories of law
- Maternalism
- Natural law
- Paternalism
- Utilitarianism
- Virtue jurisprudence
Philosophy of mind[edit]
- Behaviourism
- Biological naturalism
- Dualism
- Eliminative materialism
- Emergent materialism
- Enactivism
- Epiphenomenalism
- Functionalism
- Identity theory
- Interactionism
- Materialism
- Mind-body problem
- Monism
- Naïve realism
- Neutral monism
- Phenomenalism
- Phenomenology (Existential phenomenology)
- Physicalism
- Pragmatism
- Property dualism
- Representational theory of mind
- Solipsism
- Substance dualism
Philosophy of religion[edit]
- Theories of religion
- Acosmism
- Agnosticism
- Animism
- Antireligion
- Atheism
- Dharmism
- Deism
- Divine command theory
- Dualism
- Esotericism
- Exclusivism
- Existentialism (Christian
- Agnostic
- Atheist)
- Feminist theology
- Fundamentalism
- Gnosticism
- Henotheism
- Humanism (Religious
- Secular
- Christian)
- Inclusivism
- Monism
- Monotheism
- Mysticism
- Naturalism (Metaphysical
- Religious
- Humanistic)
- New Age
- Nondualism
- Nontheism
- Pandeism
- Pantheism
- Perennialism
- Polytheism
- Process theology
- Spiritualism
- Shamanism
- Taoic
- Theism
- Transcendentalism
- more...
Metatheory of science[edit]
- Confirmation holism
- Coherentism
- Contextualism
- Conventionalism
- Deductive-nomological model
- Determinism
- Empiricism
- Fallibilism
- Foundationalism
- Hypothetico-deductive model
- Infinitism
- Instrumentalism
- Positivism
- Pragmatism
- Rationalism
- Received view of theories
- Reductionism
- Semantic view of theories
- Scientific realism
- Scientism
- Scientific anti-realism
- Skepticism
- Uniformitarianism
- Vitalism
Philosophical concepts[edit]
Main article: List of philosophical concepts
Philosophical literature[edit]
Main article: List of philosophical literature
- Blackwell Companion to Philosophy
- A History of Western Philosophy, by Bertrand Russell
- A History of Philosophy, by Frederick Copleston
Philosophers[edit]
Main article: Lists of
philosophers
See also[edit]
- List of important publications in philosophy
- Lists of philosophy topics (index)
- Index of philosophy of science articles
- Unsolved problems in philosophy
Wikipedia
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