Couch Potatoes, Rejoice! Learning Can Be Passive

New research overturns the theory that you can only learn by doing

Young students of the Bolshoi Ballet Academy attend a class in their school in Moscow 

You’ve heard it before, and it’s true: we learn by doing. But we also learn by watching. Whether it’s a salsa teacher running through a dance sequence, a tennis coach demonstrating proper serving technique or a science professor conducting a dissection in front of the class, observing an expert at work is an opportunity to hone our own skills. This is especially true in the case of motor movements, and research in neuroscience is beginning to show why: when we watch someone else’s motions, the parts of the brain that direct our own physical movements are activated. Observation accelerates the learning process because our brains are able to map others’ actions onto our own mental representations, making them more detailed and more accurate. Using brain scans, scientists are figuring out how this process works — and how we can make the most of what we see.
(MORE: Paul: The Myth of ‘Practice Makes Perfect’)
Scott Grafton, a professor of psychology at the University of California, Santa Barbara, has employed studies of dancers to investigate the operation of what he calls the “action observation network,” a circuit in the brain that is stimulated whenever we observe a movement, imagine performing it or actually engage in it ourselves. In a study published in the journal Cerebral Cortex in 2009, Grafton and his co-authors asked participants to rehearse a dance sequence set to a music video. For five days they practiced the routine; on each day they also watched a different dance sequence without trying it out for themselves. The subjects’ brains were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) before and after the five-day period. The second round of scans revealed that the dancers’ action observation networks showed similar patterns of activation as they watched both videos — the one with a dance sequence they had practiced, and the one with a dance sequence they had simply watched. “Human motor skills can be acquired by observation without the benefit of immediate physical practice,” Grafton and his colleagues concluded.
Sounds like good news for the lazy — improve your skills without ever getting off the couch! But other experiments have added a few caveats. First, we derive the most benefit from observation when have in mind the conscious intention to carry out the action ourselves. In a 2006 study published in the Journal of Neuroscience, psychologist Scott Frey of the University of Oregon scanned the brains of participants as they watched videos of someone putting together and taking apart a toy made of several parts. One group of subjects simply watched the demonstration; another group was aware that they would be asked to reproduce the actions they viewed on the video. Although members of both groups were lying completely still inside an fMRI machine, the brains of the second group showed activation in a region involved in motor learning. Simply knowing that we will be expected to carry out the motions we observe seems to prime the brain to learn better.
(MORE: Paul: The Power of Smart Listening)
Second, we gain more from observation if we bring with us some familiarity with the movements being watched. In a 2005 study, Beatriz Calvo-Merino and her colleagues at University College London showed videos of dance sequences to experts in classical ballet and experts in capoeira, the Brazilian dance and martial art form, as the experts’ brains were being scanned. Although members of both groups were experienced dancers, each showed stronger brain activation when they viewed movements that they had been trained to perform compared to movements they had not. The more we already know, this and other studies indicate, the more we’re able to improve through observation.
Lastly, Grafton of UC-Santa Barbara notes that as valuable as watching others can be, multiple studies have shown that “the benefit from learning by observing is never as strong as advantages derived from physical practice.” With apologies to the couch potatoes out there, sometimes you just need to get up and dance.

TIME