The Bill and Melinda Gates
Foundation, via Agence France-Presse — Getty Images
Melinda and Bill Gates in a village in
Bihar, India, in 2011. Their foundation has funded research on AIDS and malaria
prevention, among other efforts.
Bill Gates met Melinda
French in the 1980s, when he was Microsoft’s chief executive officer and she was
a young associate product manager there. They married in 1994.
Now, they are the guiding force behind one of the
world’s most influential philanthropies. The foundation that bears their names granted approximately $3.4 billion
last year to projects in global development, health and American
education. For their public-health contributions, Mr. Gates, 57, and Ms. Gates,
49, received this year’s Lasker-Bloomberg Public Service
Award from the Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation. We spoke for 55
minutes before the award ceremony last month; an edited and condensed version of
the conversation follows.
Ms. Gates, you’ve become a leading advocate
for family planning. What caused you to make it central to your foundation’s
work?
MELINDA GATES Well, you know, as I
was traveling [in Africa] for the foundation, I would go out to speak with women
about vaccines. They’d walk great distances to take their children to these very
small clinics to receive vaccines. And if you’d talk to the women, they’d be
pretty outraged about the fact that they didn’t have access to contraceptives.
They kept saying, “I used to get a contraceptive shot; I walk to the clinic, and
it’s not there now.”
And I kept hearing this over and over. [The clinics
were stocking contraceptives] because of AIDS. But condoms were stocked in!
Women in the developing world will tell you they cannot use condoms.
They can’t negotiate a condom even in their marriage because they’re either
suggesting their husband has AIDS or that they do. I thought something
should be done.
Do you get criticized for your support of
family planning?
BILL GATES Well, certainly
contraceptives get you into — at least on the borderline of — a very
controversial set of issues. But that’s fine.
M.G. It’s not controversial
in many, many other places in the world. And just because it’s controversial
doesn’t mean you shouldn’t do the right thing for women. If women are telling
you that, “I don’t want to have seven children, I can only feed two or three,
but I don’t have a way to plan for those children,” we should do the right
thing, regardless if it’s controversial.
When you were considering marriage, Melinda,
was the thought of marrying a man so powerful, so wealthy,
intimidating?
M.G. Well, I grew up in a family
where my parents really taught us that everybody’s the same. It doesn’t matter
what job you have, where you stand in the world. So I didn’t grow up with this
sense of, some people are “up here” and other people are “over here.”
And — you know, I met Bill when we were both still
young. I was 23 and he was 32, and he was still building the company. I saw what
that took. So while the media would talk about him in one way, that wasn’t the
person I knew... So we grew during those times together.
Did you two discuss what your marriage might
be, that it could be a partnership to create change?
B.G. Well, we knew that there were a
lot of things we were embarking on together: helping each other in our work and
aspirations, having a family. And we knew that there’d likely be substantial
wealth from the success of Microsoft and that we’d get to figure out how to give
back. We talked about that early.
M.G. I quit Microsoft when our first
daughter was born, in 1996. And so I was getting a bit more time to travel and
to see things on the ground.
I would come home and talk to him about hearing from
these women in the villages and men in India. Bill was very interested. He’d go
and pull reports to see whether what I was saying matched. And so we were
learning together, and there was already this energy around, like, “What would
be possible for a foundation? What difference does a vaccine make?” And so we
started taking meetings with scientists around vaccines and that really got us
going.
There haven’t been many marriages like yours.
Did you have any models?
B.G. I don’t think so. [Smiles] There
were the Curies, Pierre and Marie Curie —
M.G. Don’t think you’re going to move
a lab into the foundation, the radioactive one.
Your foundation has spent millions on an AIDS
vaccine. You’ve experienced promising starts and a succession of disappointing
trials. Do you still have hope?
B.G. I don’t totally agree with the
way you characterized it.... There’s about four or five different paths, each of
which are showing very good results in monkeys.
Your foundation sponsors contests soliciting
novel ideas for difficult problems. You recently held one to create a sustainable toilet.
How did that go?
B.G. That’s absolutely a work in
progress. We’re just going to stick with that until there is a toilet cheap
enough to deploy in all the world’s slums and that has the same positive
characteristics of a flush toilet. That is, it gets rid of the disease-causing
agents and doesn’t create a bad smell. The flush toilet is one of those things
where it works for the rich world, but the cost of plumbingall those slums and
using all that water and processing plants, that’s not affordable.
There are a lot of failed projects in that area. I
think there were like 12 entrants [in the most recent competition], and we gave
four prizes. Now we’re back talking with those contestants about taking the best
ideas and seeing if something can actually be deployed.
In 2006, Warren Buffett committed $31 billion
to your foundation. After his announcement, all three
of you appeared on “Charlie Rose,” looking beyond happy.
B.G. That was a fun day. You know,
sometimes, when I come back to New York, I think about that day because it was
an amazing thing... Warren had experienced a tragedy only a couple years before
that. His wife had passed away. And that forced him to think about philanthropy.
You know, Warren was thrilled about it. He made it fun. I gave him a copy of
“The Theory of Moral Sentiments,” which is the Adam Smith book that predates
“The Wealth of Nations.” It’s got the idea that generosity is sort of this
inherent characteristic of mankind.
So you don’t hold with Richard Dawkins about
the “selfish gene”?
B.G. Well, I believe in most things
Richard Dawkins says. You know, one of my favorite books is Steven Pinker’s
“Better Angels of Our Nature.” It looks at burning witches at the stake,
genocide, slavery, violence — and how it’s gone down over time. And so there is
an emergent fact that we’re treating each other better over time.
Philanthropy fits into that. Law fits into that.
Improving living conditions ... is certainly part of that. I don’t think there’s
anything, when you get down at the level Dawkins is talking about, that
contradicts this as an emergent property at the societal level.
Mr. Gates, you’re a big reader. Do you use
bound books or e-books?
B.G. I’m still in the process of
changing. Some books are so obscure that they’re not available in digital form.
I like to annotate. To the degree I need a device, I need one where I can do the
annotation in the digital format. They are getting better all the time. The
e-books are easier for searching and things like that. So I’m in a transition
where I use a real mix. Periodicals I mostly read online, whereas books, a lot
of them, I still read on paper. Five years from now, those will be gone.
A lot is made of the fact that you never
finished college. People say, “You don’t need a degree — look at Bill Gates.”
B.G. Well, I love taking courses, as
much as anyone I know! Online. The Learning Company — I’ve done 30 of their
offerings. ... If people think I had some distaste for taking courses, they have
the wrong impression. I was just in a hurry to be in on the ground floor of what
the microprocessor enabled. It turned out I probably could have waited a few
years, and Microsoft still would have been the pioneer. But my co-founder, Paul
Allen, and I felt like we wanted to do it right away.
M.G. And our three kids are getting
the message that they should finish college. From both of us!
About a third of your wealth is in the
foundation, and more to come. Do you think your children might someday regret
your generosity?
M.G. The children already know our
intentions. We talk about it in the house. They are very focused on where they
are going to go to college, what their life might be after college. But they
know that the vast majority of these resources is going back to society. And
they’re O.K. with that. They know what our life’s work is. They travel a lot and
they feel good about it.
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